Intercultural communication- individual reflection

Intercultural correspondence singular reflection Intercultural Communication-Individual reflection The exposition takes a gander at the impression of the gathering work out. In doing so it takes a gander at right off the bat what is implied by culture. Based on characterizing society, it further glances at the correspondence boundaries inside intercultural groups when working inside gatherings. In light of some hypothetical models, the exposition attempts to recognize the issues that emerged during the gathering work. Some investigative view has been given to these issues dependent on the hypothetical ideas to attempt to give a few suggestions and rules for powerful intercultural bunch work. Definitions and Special terms: Culture can be characterized from numerous points of view. A memorable point of view of culture emphasizes on customs being acquired and amassed after some time center around transient down the way of life. As indicated by Gibson (2002), culture isn't utilized in the faculties of writing, music and craftsmanship; it is more than in the feeling of a mutual arrangement of mentalities, convictions, qualities and conduct. The manner in which individuals welcome one another, dress, arrange and resolve strife, and even the manner in which visual data is seen and seen. In addition Gibson (2002) shows the idea of culture by utilizing different models, for example, chunk of ice model, onion model and tree model. The icy mass model mirrors the unmistakable articulations of culture and conduct are over the outside of the water, and the perspectives, convictions, qualities and implications underlie the water. The onion model is a layer of culture, which can be stripped away to uncover hidden ess ential suppositions. For example, the out layers are conduct, items, customs and images, under layers are essentials, for example, mentalities, convictions and qualities. Moreover, Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) portray this is express and certain degree of culture. Gibson (2002) depicts, the tree model differences obvious and shrouded culture, with the roots giving a picture of the recorded birthplaces of culture. Moving between societies resembles transplanting a treeâ€to be effective, the roots must be ensured, and bolster will be required in the new condition. The principle contrast in molded presumptions and inclinations which is seen between societies originates from what Hofstede calls the aggregate mental programming, which separate individual from one gathering from another (1980:21). This procedure according to numerous scientists has brought about social qualities (Kirkman Shapiro, 1997). The Values , expressed as a wide capacity to favor certain conditions of undertakings to other people (Hofstede, 1980: 19), shows noteworthy impacts on singular abilities (Geletkanycz, 1997; Shackleton and Ali, 1990). In such manner social qualities, suppositions and inclinations, assemble the hidden principle structure of culture, while techniques for movement and practices are the way of life just obvious indication (Schein, 1985). Thus, the qualities related inside a culture are reflected in the adapted presumptions and inclinations, which helps individuals during the day by day activities. Without a doubt there might be social contrasts inside various nations (Locke, 1995), National social qualities are found to differ in an orderly way more across societies than inside them (Adler, 1997; Hofstede, 1980). Inside any gathering work, correspondence is essential. Of course inside various individuals from the gathering from differing foundations the correspondence will in general be different also. What really is implied by such intercultural correspondence? As indicated by Stoner (2009), correspondence is a verbal proclamation implied by one individual. Be that as it may, Littlejohe (1992) contends correspondence to be the transmission of data or representative correspondence, for example, language, signs, imagers by methods for which they are regularly transmission. Mehrabian (1981) distinguished, there are three different ways of human face of face correspondence, for example, non-verbal communication, voice tonality, and words. Rosengren (2000) depict, correspondence is a mix of nonverbal, visual and understanding the field of correspondence. As per Tian (2000), Communication is one of the most significant capacities to ace all together for any business to prevail in todays progressiv ely serious markets, especially for firms working together universally. Gudykunst (1994: 129-136) proposes three different ways of deciphering different people conduct: Observation checking Listening successfully Giving input As indicated by Gudykunst (2005), conjecturing the correspondence inside culture has included a gigantic advancement inside most recent 20 years. Starting endeavors of estimating the subject had been founded on the qualities and suspicions of the way of life, yet over the time most speculations are upheld by the examines. So as to consider back the intercultural issues that surfaced during bunch work, these have been tended to based around the hypothetical models of social measurements created by specialists and clarified inside the model definitions in a logical way. Cooperation versus independence: Taking a gander at the social element of community versus independence, it very well may be said that there was a feeling of social connectedness (Earley Gibson, 1998) inside the group. It very well may be said that as opposed to independence, whereby singular colleagues will in general care for themselves, there is a feeling of collectivist endeavors towards the group putting their inclinations towards the gathering work (Hofstede, 1991). There is a feeling of collectivist collaboration of discovering joy in cooperating like a social gathering (Chen et al., 1998; Cox et al., 1991; Earley, 1998). Being in a collectivist culture the colleagues feel firmly associated and focused on the venture (Boyacigiller Adler, 1991). There is accentuates on amicability and collaboration inside gathering individuals (Kim et al., 1994) and proportional participation of every part to aid every undertaking (Cox et al., 1991). However there was a feeling of absence of heading by the gathering chief. For example the pioneers authority or guidelines were not clung to which prompted numerous assignments being unaccomplished. The cheerful demeanor of the gathering individuals was clear all through the venture. As referenced by Hamden-Turner Trompendaars (1993), Hofstede, 1980 and Triandis, 1983, the gathering individuals viewed themselves as free self-controlling substances and stressed their way of life as remarkable, autonomous person. There was an a greater amount of an individualistic direction whereby; people focussed on close to home addition in blend or paying little heed to others regularly taking a serious position in order to augment ones own benefit, while harming those of other colleagues (Pruitt, 1981; Graham, 1986; Graham et al., 1988). Force Distance: The component of intensity separation mirrors a societies acknowledgment of social imbalance. In various words, power separation alludes to the furthest reaches that those in lower social gatherings acknowledge as a given the force and status of those in higher groups.In social orders where force separation is at higher side,there is for the most part a general acknowledgment of idea ,that those with higher status merit the regard they are managed with no inquiry Unquestioning watches out for more prominent degrees of steadfastness in authoritative setting and the taking of activities simply after all out endorsement of the unrivaled. In high force separation societies, approach of brought together dynamic is followed as opposed to exemption (Hofstede, 1980), introducing imposing hindrances to groups that are profoundly reliant (Shane, 1993). Along these lines, this ought not be taken as an unexpected that examination recommends that individuals with a powerful separation direction will o look for endorsement before starting any activity, since they are responsible to having those at the highest point of the pecking order settle on official choices (Ueno and Sekaran, 1992). By and large, people with high force separation direction are awkward in deciding position and having dynamic forces given to them (Adler, 1997; Hofstede, 1980, 1991). Inside the gathering, colleagues on occasion were with a feeling of low in power separation and slanted to be a greater amount of populist in nature. These gathering individuals to a great extent (however not totally) saw each other as equivalents. In particular, individuals inside this social measurement communicated vertically inside the gathering work and continually looking for endorsement and assets from people with significant influence of different groups (Katz and Tushman, 1983). Be that as it may, it is contended that the technique for uniformity decreases progressive force in associations and further it empower acting without full authorization from ones bosses in low force separation societies. Henceforth, these individuals followed plans of their own and were bypassing the pioneer (Howell and Higgins, 1991). That said these practices didn't block those people from helping, when required. Such part were consistently on hang tight for people with great influence yet just if the need emerged (Howell and Higgins, 1991). Subsequently, individuals low in power separation direction were increasingly viable in steady of group activities requiring upward communications, while individuals high in power separation were less successful and undoubtedly hesitant to do as such. Vulnerability evasion: Vulnerability evasion has been characterized as the breaking point to which the individuals from a culture feel apprehensive by questionable or eccentric circumstances (Hofstede, 1991: 113). People from high vulnerability shirking societies feel awkward managing dubious circumstances, and hence search for explanation when theey are in question (Hofstede, 1980). Societies high on vulnerability shirking lean towards for structure and explanation, which brings about an addition of formal principles and guidelines in those societies. Interestingly, people from low uncertainly shirking societies will in general lean toward a less managed or exacting authoritative structure, henceforth picking to manage questionable circumstances instead of look for explanation (Hofstede, 1991). As far as vulnerability shirking, it very well may be said the gathering individuals were undermined by the obscure circumstance of a gathering part

Service Desk Shift Supervisors Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Administration Desk Shift Supervisors Guide - Essay Example The code for the program that will be valuable to the Supervisor’s Guide will be a program to decide booking for the different move supervisor(s) with the goal that information might be entered and afterward the ensuing calendar for the specific manager will show up. This is to enhance the Shift Supervisor Guide that has just been composed and can be found in segment B under segment An entitled the Formal Report. Fundamentally, the Shift Supervisor’s Guide contains 10 essential areas, all of which identify with issues that could come up at the administration work area as to working a PC lab. Subsequently, it is essential to comprehend the set-up of the labâ€depending upon the setups for the supervisor’s customer or boss. ... The Shift Supervisor should get comfortable with the entirety of the vital safeguards to take, well ahead of time of any issues from happening. It bodes well to be current with respect to every one of these issues so the proper measures for framework support can be finished. Audit of Other Work (2 pages) There have been a few investigations done indicating that great specialized composing yields supportive outcomes, particularly with regards to task-situated data. As indicated by Pringle and O’Keefe (2003), â€Å"Task-situated reviewing makes the main part of specialized documentationâ€installation manuals, beginning manuals, and client guides, for example† (pp. 91). Here it will be talked about: the three primary strides of specialized sending in building up a product manual for an organization; the goals of specialized composition; and the reason and sub-steps of each progression and how they identify with the manual. The three principle steps of specialized compos ing include: making a framework, doing research, and associating the examination with known data. To begin with, before one beginnings composing on a specialized subject, for example, PC programming, one must be comfortable with what one is expounding on. In the event that the essayist doesn’t comprehend the idea of the product he/she is expounding on, he/she is positively not going to have the option to compose plainly and well on the most proficient method to utilize the product. So first it is vital to have enough information about the subject with the goal that one can make a fundamental diagram for the specialized composing venture. The fundamental goal of specialized composing is to enable the buyer to utilize a productâ€in this case, a product application. At the end of the day, one’s composing should accomplish a specific impact so individuals can get the manual without having recently had information on the

Employee Motivation In Public Sector Management Assignment - 825 Words

Employee Motivation In Public Sector Management Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: ELEMENTARY MOTIVATIONAL PROCESS AND ITS EFFECT ON AN ORGANISATION PERFOMANCEStudents Name:Course:Professors Name:Institution:Date: Elementary Motivational Process and Its Effect on Organizational PerformanceMotivation is a simple, elementary psychological task. It is an organizations effort of positively manipulating the employees attitudes, activities and attitudes towards the improvement of the organization production output and profitability (Kempisio 2015, 16). Employee motivation in any organization is a consistent and long-term process. Notably, organizations have the sole responsibility of rewarding its employees through diverse ways such as salary increment, motivational talks, and motivational trips among others (Mahrane and Wofaidhllaoili 2014, 23). This will have an overall positive effect towards the organizations performance. According to Kempisio (2015), the response towards job satisfaction is emotional in nature. Motivation is measured by the outcome of the teams productivity. Another dimension of job satisfaction is that it signifies several linked emotions that are the most vital aspects of production which the employees have. Rewarding employees helps them understand that the human factor within the organization production process is synonymous with their efforts. Therefore the harder they work, the higher the level of production is achieved and ultimately the more the share of productivity they shall get as a reward. An example of an organization which motivates its employees is the one which does not fire one of its mediocre employees but uses the mediocrity in the employee to improve and boost his spirit towards the achievement of the organizations objectives rather that keeping him/her as a standard, non-performing worker. Markedly, for an organization to lay the spirit of togetherness, commitment and competition in the production process, an efficient, powerful and strong motivation process at each stage of production is needed. Some of the ways motivation helps in retention of employees and job satisfaction include; employee motivation, which energizes and arouses their working spirits. Therefore, their performance, behavior, and attitudes towards the organizations goal are nourished; thus the organizations aims and objectives are easily achieved since they are stimulated to work better and produce sounding results. In further support of employee motivation, (Slitoe 2014, 67) explains that for every organization to achieve job satisfaction from its employees, there are specific orientations that the human resource department in the said organization need to put into place and prioritize them. It needs to set positive attitudes towards the employees. When downsizing the organization, write a memo to all the staff then write individual letters to the affected individuals clearly stating reasons for downsizing. This will help retain employees who will be untainted since according to their views, the downsizing was done in a fair manner.Job satisfaction within an organization can also be achieved through employing a strong working relationship and bond between the organizations management and the employees. There are diverse ways in which this parallel relationship can be achieved. One of them is the management organizing for a lunch meeting with its employees and talk matters outside the business. This will obviously raise their working spirit and boost their morale towards work. Additionally (Mahrane and Wofaidhllaoili 2017, 23) suggest that the leader of the organization should have a motivation day out with the juniors and low performing employees. Interacting with them and getting to know their challenges and strengths in their work. In the same way, they should also come up with the practical solutions to solve the stalemates that they could have possibly stated (Slitoe 2014, 59). This will retain those with low work performance because maybe some of them performed poorly due to the said challenges within the organization and with the organizations management showing efforts to solve the problems, satisfaction is achieved since commitment brings satisfaction which ascertains job retention.Money is one of the most prestigious and highly regarded methods of motivating employees. It improves the productivity of the workers since their efforts have been renewed and stimulated. When an employee is rewarded with money maybe for reaching a set of goals within the organization, it symbolizes success, and the employee gains a feeling of accomplishment. Therefore, he/she will choose to remain in the organization for more rewards as he/she works towards improving the productivity of the team (Farruk 20...

The Underlying Issues Of Cannabis Abuse - 3504 Words

The Underlying Issues of Cannabis Abuse Jeoffery Walton English 102 The International College of the Cayman Islands The topic outline 1) The cannabis plant and its ingredients 2) Abuse of cannabis a) Smoking Cannabis b) Addiction to cannabis c) Withdrawal symptoms d) Effects on the mental health cognitive development in adolescence e) Cancer and other illnesses 3) Cannabis for medicinal purposes 4) Law enforcement 5) Conclusion Abstract This paper examines the effects that cannabis abuse has on human health over an extended period. Over the years, some researchers have concluded that continuous use of the drug during adolescence, but not adulthood, could permanently impair cognition and increase the risk for psychiatric diseases. Other studies suggest that heavy use amongst users can cause changes in subjective mental status, brain functioning, and neuropsychological performance. Approximately 9% of those who experiment with cannabis will become addicted, and the treatment for addiction can be challenging, as it often leads to withdrawal symptoms. Consequently, most governments around the globe decided to enact legislation in the early to mid 20th century, to help control its abuse; however, recently, some countries in the Western World have begun to allow its use for medicinal and recreational purposes. All information for the writing of this paper has beenShow MoreRelatedShould Cannabis Be Legalised?1595 Word s   |  7 PagesShould cannabis be legalised in Australia? Your response should provide a considered discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of both legalisation and criminalisation which shows evidence of wide and varied reading. Cannabis originated from Central Asia generations ago, with references to Cannabis dating back to medical and religious Chinese and Indian texts. 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Responding to the crisis, the US department of Justice established the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous drugs, which was designed to control illegal drugs, specifically marijuana. Building on the prohibition, in 1971 President Richard Nixon officially declared a â€Å"war on drugs†, which resulted in an increased federal role in the warfare by providing the federal governmentRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legal Debate Over The United States1071 Words   |  5 Pageshemp plant known as Cannabis Sativa. In 2727 B.C, the Chinese were the first to document the use of marijuana for medicine. Chinese would use the seeds of the hemp plant for food (Borges, 2014, Ch. 15). Marijuana has been known for a lot more than just getting high though. In the past it’s been used for fabric, food, incense, cloth, and much more. In the last few decades America has come up with a variety of nicknames for the Marijuana. 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Most likely when women choose to e ngage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-education should be providedRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana For Medical Applications1717 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana for Medical Applications: A consideration of aspects of the issue INTRODUCTION In its brief overview of palliative care (Improving palliative care, August 2003), the Institute of Medicine emphasized purpose: â€Å"to prevent or lessen the severity of pain and other symptoms and to achieve the best quality of life for people dying or suffering from a long-term disease† (p. 2). 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Since then, patients have continued demanding marijuana s therapeutic effects, thus prompting the pharmaceutical industry to find a legitimate means of meeting their needs without violating federal law. This quest for legal weed resulted in the introduction ofRead More Drugs and Alcohol Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame legal and thoroughly regulated by the government. As this took place, our nation has witnessed the dangers and health issues arising from alcohol consumption and abuse. For example, drunk driving kills many Americans each year. In comparison to marijuana studies where the World Health Organization stated, â€Å"There are no confirmed cases of human deaths from cannabis poisoning in the world medical literature† (qtd. in â€Å"Marijuana Facts† 1). From an outsider’s perspective, one has to ask why

Essay on The Relevance of Philosophy in Every Day Life

The entire world does not exist; everything people knew was not real, and humans are nothing but an electromagnetic pulse. In other words, we might be living in a mind of another superior, and practically do not necessarily exist. It is metaphysics, a branch of philosophy that people ponder upon. As obscure it might seem, philosophy does apply to everyday practical life and it does not only deal with existential queries. Philosophies’ relevance to life can be seen in many aspects, from our general everyday knowledge, to the questions of right and wrong, and even stemming to the whole structure of society itself. Humans are naturally curious; for thousands of years, people ponder over reasons such as the common question, â€Å"Why are things†¦show more content†¦Ethics gives life value and happiness for man to live. Happiness, as Aristotle claims, is achievable by man using â€Å"all his abilities and capabilities† (115). He divides happiness into three components: pleasure, freedom, and knowledge. Humans hold virtues in high regard such as liberty, the right to happiness, independence, to exercise free will, prudence, the act of being wise, and others such as productivity, honesty, pride, and integrity. People hold certain virtues closer than others since an individual’s ethic constitutes their own interpretation for happiness resulting in multitudes of definitions. Ethics are essential to any human being separating them into individuals and because humans act ethical based on their own principles, philosophy is expressed every day. Mankind begins to congregate into a more functional society as humans become more knowledgeable and develop their own principles. Aristotle is correct when he criticize man as a â€Å"political animal† that it was absolutely necessary to convene into groups for any success. However, each individual has his own perspective and interest therefore there will be conflict within society. Citizens are influenced by the government as they create regulations and restrictions on the people to remedy these problems, hence political philosophy. Aristotle endorsed three forms of government which are monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy; all are different functional examplesShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Philosophy Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Philosophy ‘Philosophy is to be studied, not for the sake of any definite answers to its questions, since no definite answers can, as a rule, be known to be true, but rather for the sake of the questions themselves.’ (Bertrand Russell, Problem of Philosophy, pp. 93-94). 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I want to be aRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1580 Words   |  7 PagesIn Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle establishes that â€Å"every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim† and explains this through the dialectic of disposition, particularly between vice and virtue. In chapter four, Aristotle affirms that since â€Å"all knowledge and every pursuit aims at some good†, we inherently seek the highest form which is known to both the massesRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr.1410 Words   |  6 Pagesminister and had a degree in Theology and Divinity2. Since he had such an active and stellar political career, his political and social beliefs and his achievements in those areas have received a lot more attention than his religious beliefs and philosophies that he conformed to. In this article an attempt is made to highlight his religious contributions to the American theology. Martin Luther King was born on 15th January in the year 1929 in the rural parts of the state of Georgia2. His family wasRead MoreThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift Within The Era1628 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophical theories. The ages after the Enlightenment were certainly affected, so much so that, to a significant extent, the paradigm shift within the Enlightenment era still influences our thinking today with both societal and intellectual relevance. To understand why the Enlightenment movement was so influential for both its own time period and today’s society, an analysis of the periods that came before it is required. Total state domination ruled the Ancient period (29CE), as ChristianityRead MoreExplain Finnis’ Natural Law Theory Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagesmarks) John Finnis, an Australian legal philosopher has tried to resurrect the natural law tradition in moral philosophy and law since the mid-1960s. He tries to offer a neo-Aquinian natural law philosophy which does not presuppose a divine being. By focusing attention on goods rather than a single Good, Finnis skilfully articulates what he calls a theory of moral action for our day. Or, in other words, he seeks a theory of how to live well. Finnis identifies a number of equally valuable basicRead MorePersonal Philosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1318 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy Paper Introduction For the purpose of the paper, famous philosophies and a personal nursing philosophy is presented, including the personal definitions of the four phenomena of nursing namely person, environment, health, and nursing. 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My worldview impacts everything I do inRead MoreMy Personal Educational Philosophy Essay866 Words   |  4 Pages Educational Philosophy Essay My personal educational philosophy is a combination of perennialism and essentialism, which leaves me uniquely well-armed to teach my subject of choice: History. History, viewed as a whole, is a monument to the achievements of Man. It is unchanging, though new aspects may be found or brought to light, and it can be viewed from many angles, it is an unchanging truth that what happened, has indeed happened. Through a thorough and guided exploration of this subject, studentsRead MoreLiterature Review: Work Safety and Total Quality Management (TQM)1434 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between the assurance of workplace safety and an encompassing management strategy. In accordance with the literature incorporated into the present review, this encompassing management strategy is Total Quality Management (TQM), the relevance of which will also occupy an important part of this review. La Duke (2010) provides our discussion with a primary document regarding the correlation between the Total Quality Management model of organizational orientation and the assurance of

Data Storage Solutions for Data Analytics- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theData Storage Solutions for Data Analytics. Answer: Business Drivers Select a subject for analysis using data warehousing techniques from the operational data captured in the Microsoft Northwind database. (The operational ER model is included in this document) Answer: Subject for analysis are the main subject areas. In the case of operational data captured in the Microsoft Northwind data the subject of analysis will be customer. Customer is the intersection of every line answers about Northwind data. Customer as a subject of analysis can be easily be seen and it relationship traced. In addition, customer as a subject of analysis can be agreed upon and defined in the subject areas identified in the Northwind business model (Cox, 2018). The customer as the subject of analysis leads to categorizing into subject areas namely; CustomerCustomerDemo and customerDemographics. This will be achieved by developing some questions about the Northwind information. Data Modeling Develop and present a suitable schema for the data warehouse (data mart). Discuss your reasons for the design. The suitable schema for the Northwind data will be the star schema. The star will schema will separate the business process information into facts and which hold the amount, dimensions and which are descriptive characteristic related to the information, and qualitative data about business. Astar schemaincomputing, is the easiest type ofdata martschema to makeand is the method extensively employed to develop dimensional data marts and data warehouses. A star schema with many dimensions is referred to a centipede schema. While it is simpler to maintain, it has dimensions with a few attributes which result to enquiries with various table joins and makes the star easy simple to use (Wickham, 2016). Measurements or metric are recorded by facts table. These table normally consist of foreign keys and numeric values to dimensional data where descriptive data is stored. The design of facts table are low level uniform details known as grain or granulity meaning facts probably record events at atomic stage. Over time this can lead to accumulation of large records. In a fact table. Facts table are defined as follows Specific events are recorded by transaction fact tables Facts are recorded at any given time by snapshot facts tables Aggregating snapshot tables records accumulative facts at a particular point in time. Compared to facts table dimension tables have a moderately lesser number of records, however each record might have a huge number of characteristics to define the fact information. Dimension tables, as a rule, have a moderately modest records compared with fact tables, yet each record might have a wide range of attributes to define data. Dimensions might characterize a wide assortment of qualities, however, the absolute most regular traits characterized by dimension table comprise: Time dimension table portray period at the most minimal level of period granularity of occasions to be noted in the star schema Geography table depict area information, for example, state, nation, or city Time dimension table portrays duration at which most minimal level of granularity for which occasions are noted in the star schema Product dimension tables define items Range dimension table describe scopes of period, dollar esteems or other quantifiable amounts to rearranging detailing. Employee dimension tables depict representatives, for example, sales representatives Reference Cox, D.R., 2018.Analysis of survival data. Routledge. Wickham, H., 2016.ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer.

The Problem of Tobacco Smoking free essay sample

One of the most common problems today that are killing people, all over the world, is smoking. Allot of people condone in this horrible habit because of stress, personal issues and physical pain. Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. Why keep smoking you think, the answer is obviously, addiction. Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. There are three main effects and causes of smoking.Teenagers these days mostly smoke to fit in cause there friends or family do it; but that’s not always the case for some people. Nicotine from cigarettes can have a calming effect on people which can be useful for people with anxiety, depression, and people who just be bored. Users with mental illness are highly vulnerable like veterans with PTSD, at one point of time the US military would supply their soldiers with cigarettes to â€Å"keep them alert and ready†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problem of Tobacco Smoking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which could have the user become addicted to it so every time they have some type of problem they’ll turn to cigarettes to calm them down which takes us to our second effect.Psychological which means mental or emotional state of a person. It has a very big role of the very bad habit. In many cases smoking started at a young age due to wanting to fit in, stress and/or depression. For teens that’s going through allot with stress from school, home and friends; which makes them feel like they can run to cigarettes when they feel like it. That’s when the person becomes dependent on cigarettes.To our final effect have you ever wonder what’s in cigarettes that millions of people love to smoke every day. Cigarettes have over 4000 toxic substances in a cigarette. Some of these are: Arsenic (included in rat poison), Acetic acid (found in hair dyes), Ammonia (found in household cleaners), Benzene (found in rubber cement), Carbon Monoxide (found in car fumes) and plenty more. All of those toxic substances mixed together sure isn’t good for anybody’s health. From a smokers perspective it’s hard to kick the habit.Citation : (sanger,2018) APA CItation Entry Sanger, J.W. (2018,03 15). wikipedia. retrieved from (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/health_effects_of_tobacco

The Relationship between Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in reducing poverty in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Countries). The WritePass Journal

The Relationship between Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in reducing poverty in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Countries). Introduction The Relationship between Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in reducing poverty in LEDC (Less Economically Developed Countries). IntroductionTheoretical FrameworkEmpirical EvidenceCritique of The LiteratureConclusionsReferencesRelated Introduction Theoretical Framework According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Microfinance can be defined as â€Å"the provision of a broad range of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers, and insurance to the poor and low-income households and their microenterprises† (ADB, 2000).   Another definition is provided in Ledgerwood (1999) who contends that microfinance is â€Å"the provision of financial services (like savings, credit, insurance and payment services) to low-income clients (the poor) including the self-employed†. The aforesaid suggests that there is a positive relationship between microfinance and entrepreneurship or microenterprises. Microenterprises promote income generating activities thus promoting repayment. Being able to repay microfinance loans by income generated from microenterprises enables microfinance to be sustainable. Microfinance is specifically designed to offer financial services to microentrepreneurs. Microfinance enables microentrepreneurs to expand and run their businesses. The foregoing shows that microfinance and entrepreneurship are mutually beneficial to each other. Microfinance witnessed an evolution in the 1970s. This evolution has been regarded as a means of breaking the barricade of access to capital by poor people who are interested in carrying out development projects. Microfinance empowers the entrepreneurial spirits that exist among small-scale entrepreneurs worldwide (Olu, 2009). It facilitates the establishment of microenterprises and encourages best practices among individuals involved in small and medium size enterprise (SMEs) (Olu, 2009).   Governments in developing countries have over the last two and half decades formulated great programmes to promote economic development. Lack of access to finance has been cited in developing countries as one of the major reasons behind the relative absence of SMEs in less developed economies.   Large firms can obtain finance from banks because they have an asset base that can serve as collateral. SMEs on the other hand do not have such and asset base and as such cannot gain access to large b anks. Rather, SMEs rely on small scale financing in the form of microfinance to finance small scale development projects (Olu, 2009). Approximately 90 percent of people in less developed economies do not have access to financial services from banks and other financial institutions. Most people neither save nor have access to credit facilities (Marguerite, 2002). The foregoing suggests that people in less developed countries have limited capacity to invest. Limited investment capacity results in restricted productivity which in turn limits incomes, domestic savings and productivity growth.   The lack of access to financial services reduces the ability of entrepreneurs to engage in new business ventures which in turn limits economic growth. The sources and consequences of entrepreneurial activities are therefore neither financially nor environmentally sustainable. Microfinance serves as a means of empowering the poor and is considered as a valuable means of enhancing the economic development process. Despite the importance of microfinance in development, it has been argued that microfinance; entrepreneurship and su stainability tend not to have a great effect on alleviating poverty in less developed economies. Accordingly, microfinance they say can only successfully alleviate poverty if it is combined with entrepreneurial skills. This means that one should expect a positive link between microfinance and SME development or entrepreneurship. Despite this relationship, microfinance and entrepreneurship may have a negative relationship or may even have no relationship. In addition, some people with entrepreneurial skills tend to be risk-averse. This group of entrepreneurs may not use microfinance credit because they may not be willing to take on high levels of risk. As such their projects may remain unfunded even in the presence of microfinance loans. In addition, the poorest of the poor including the sick, the mentally ill and the destitute cannot adequately handle microfinance projects which means that microfinance cannot be used as a means of alleviating poverty for this group of the population . This group of the population would prefer direct basic assistance to microfinance. They are mostly interested in meeting their daily needs of shelter, food, clothing and food. Empirical Evidence Two competing theories have been advanced with respect to the relationship between entrepreneurship and microfinance. One school of thought advocates that lack of credit hinders the growth of microenterprises, indicating that microfinance and entrepreneurship have a positive relationship. The second school of thought on its part suggests that microfinance has a negative effect on the poorest in society. The first school of thought believes that lack of credit is a major constraint to the development of microenterprise and believes that microfinance plays a positive role in enabling a society achieve   its larger goal of deriving social and economic benefits (Hashemi et al., 1996; 1994; Schuler et al., 1997). According to the International Finance Corporation, more than 500 million poor people across the world are engaged in microenterprises (IFC, 2002). When asked what their major constraint is, most of them conclude that the main constraint to business growth is lack of credit. This evidence suggests that microfinance has a positive impact on entrepreneurship. Similar evidence is provided in Sen (1999) who argue that the greater the financial security of an entrepreneur, the higher is his probability of becoming more successful. Furthermore, Eversole (2000) contends that credit is important for the success of micro businesses. The impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation has also been studied. Nair (1998) identifies two schools of thought regarding the effect of microfinance on poverty alleviation. On the one hand, it has been argued that credit is one of the most important tools for alleviating poverty. This school of thought believes that microfinance credit is always invested in a productive investment which will help in poverty alleviation. However, this school of thought is flawed on because it makes the unrealistic assumption that microfinance credit is always invested in a productive investment. The theory ignores the fact that some investments may not be productive which indicates that not all microfinance credit can actually result in poverty alleviation. Rangarajan (2005) observes that microfinance is important for the evolution of â€Å"Self-Help Group† at three basic levels. These include: Level 1 where microfinance is used by households to satisfy their survival requirements by using small savings and loans as a buffer in emergencies; Level 2 where households use microfinance is used to meet subsistence needs; and Level 3 where households become mature enough to take on a higher degree of risk; at this level, microfinance can be employed in setting up enterprises or facilitating the creation of employment in one way or another thus promoting the sustainability of households. The aforesaid shows that the argument that microfinance cannot help the poorest of the poor lacks empirical support. This argument is further weakened by evidence from India, which shows that a large portion of the Indian population falls in the â€Å"poorest of the poor† category. Despite this, microfinance has had a significant positive impact on this group of the population in India. A study based on 20 microfinance institutions in India provide evidence that microfinance has made a significant contribution to both the savings and borrowings of the poor in India (Sinha, 2005). Kuzilwa (2005) provide evidence that credit has been very instrumental in the success of microenterprises in Tanzania. The study provides evidence that most business start-ups have been financed by own sources while expansion has mainly been finance by microfinance credit. The study further observes that inadequate credit resulted in the abandonment or postponement of entrepreneurial projects. Some st udies have concluded that microfinance credit contributes to the growth of enterprises although the impact of finance has not been very significant. Empirical evidence shows that after receiving finance, the firm’s output increased by 40 percent. This evidence shows just how important microfinance is for the growth and expansion of enterprises and thus emphasises the positive relationship between microfinance and entrepreneurship in poor countries. In order for microfinance to help foster entrepreneurial activity, the activity must be sustainable. This means that only enterprises with the potential to evolve from micro to small and to medium enterprises can be considered entrepreneurial businesses (Harper, 1998; Kuzilwa, 2005). Businesses that are merely surviving to sustain a family cannot be considered entrepreneurial (Harper, 1998). The operating cycle of microenterprises is relatively short compared to that of large enterprises. Microenterprises are therefore in need of short term loans in small amounts. Due to their short-term operating cycles, microenterprises are in constant need of small scale loans to finance their business. Consequently, sufficient and timely capital is necessary for the success of microenterprises. According to Alagappan and Nagammai (2003), any entrepreneur’s main problem is finance. Adequate finance is required at reasonable cost to meet the expectations of any entrepreneur (Alagappan and Nagammai, 2003). Small scale entrepreneurs find it difficult to access large financial institutions. This is mostly because of information asymmetries between large financial institutions and small scale businesses. Moral hazard and adverse selection bias often make it difficult for small firms to gain access to finance from large institutions. The process is often complex and may result in delays. Consequently, the only hope for small scale businesses is microfinance. According to a study by Vincent (2004), an initial loan of approximately $100 helped in reintegrating entrepreneurs into formal networks as well as promoting structural and sustainable development in communities. However, the study observed that only 5% of entrepreneurs in these communities were able to obtain micro credit thus hindering the growth and development potential of communities in less developed economies (Vincent, 2004). Vincent (2004) concludes based on this evidence that sustainable entrepreneurship and microfinance can c ontribute tremendously to poverty alleviation in less developed countries. While credit is important, it is not the only factor that can facilitate entrepreneurship in less developed economies. According to a study by Roy and Wheeler (2006) on 12 microfinance institutions in four West African economies, growth of microenterprises is not restricted only by poor access to credit. Rather, other factors such as poor training, lack of trust and corporation as well as risk aversion are other factors that must be taken into account when evaluating the factors that restrict the growth and expansion of microenterprises in less developed economies (Roy and Wheeler, 2006). While microfinance can help in stimulating growth of microenterprises, its availability is only an important part of the story (Roy and Wheeler, 2006). Microfinance needs to be provided only to entrepreneurs who satisfy a host of other requirements such as adequate training, risk tolerance, trust and corporation. While other factors may affect the growth and expansion of microenterprises in less developed countries, Adams and Pischke (1992) believe that lack of funds is the most important problems facing microenterprises. Adam and Pischke (1992) argue that access to small and short-term credit is more beneficial for poor microenterprises than large long-term credit. The evolution of microfinance has been very important because it has enabled microfinance institutions to handle small scale transactions efficiently as well as establish long lasting links with borrowers. The main focus of microfinance institutions is on small and short-term loans which can help small scale entrepreneurs finance short-term investment projects and thus alleviate poverty in the community as a whole. As mentioned earlier, a second school of thought believes that microfinance has a negative impact on the poorest in society (Adams and Von Pischke, 1992; Buckley, 1997). While microfinance programs can create a positive impact on the poor, these programs often fail to reach the poorest people when trying to achieve sustainability. While the programs can serve the poor, they do not necessarily help the poorest of the poor (Copestake et al., 2001; Hulme 2000; Hulme and Mosely 1996; Mosely and Hulme 1998). While superficial analysis shows that microfinance can foster entrepreneurial growth and thus reduce poverty in society, deep analysis suggests that microfinance credit does not create opportunities. Rather the ability of the community to generate income and thus alleviate poverty depends heavily on the entrepreneurial nature of people in the community (Kulziwa, 2005). This does not amount to saying that credit is not important for entrepreneurship. Credit certainly plays a significan t role in improving the competence of the entrepreneur to make use of the opportunity available. However, the entrepreneurial skills must be there to fully realise the benefits of microfinance. Empirical evidence suggests that microfinance has not had a positive impact on entrepreneurship in very poor countries. Shaw (2004) investigated the impact of microfinance on poverty in Sri Lanka. The study provides evidence that not all microfinance projects have been able to alleviate poverty in Sri Lanka. The study contends while microfinance can work well for those very close to the poverty line, it can only help those who are interested and able to engage in high-value entrepreneurial activities (Shaw, 2004). According to Shaw (2004) microfinance loans are not sustainable in that they only serve to protect current consumption levels while offering limited opportunity for exiting poverty. For microfinance programs to be successful, they must be complemented by investment in physical and social infrastructure. Another argument against microfinance programs is that these programs are capable of pushing the poor into a debt trap. This is because the programs often turn out to be unsustainable if the poor are not able to engage in an activity that can generate enough income for repayments (Mead Liedholm, 1998). A study was conducted on NGO led microfinance programs in several developing countries. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of microfinance programs in these countries using a set of four indicators including their ability to target the poor, their ability to increase assets of the poor, their ability to generate income and their ability create skill employment and financial viability. Comparisons were made with state-led credit based poverty alleviation programs such as the Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP) and the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in India (Chavan Ramakumar, 2002).   The study provides evidence that microfinance programs have helped in achieving a marginal improvement in the income of their beneficiaries. However, the evidence suggests that the beneficiaries have not obtained any significant benefits in terms of technological improvements because the programs focus primarily on survival skills (Chavan Ramakumar, 2002). Focusing on Ban gladesh, the study observes that microfinance programs which are designed to help customers repay Grameen Bank loans through fresh loans from moneylenders has resulted in the creation debt cycles (Chavan Ramakumar, 2002). Anand (1994) examine the performance of microenterprises in Botswana the balance between lending and borrowing activities of microfinance institutions. The study observes that Microfinance institutions focus more on lending than borrowing. Lending activity constituted 75% while borrowing constituted only 10% of their total activity (Anand, 1994). This clearly shows that finance cannot be considered a constraint for entrepreneurs in Botswana. The foregoing shows that in order for microfinance to be sustainable, it has to be complemented by savings and other factors. There is a common misconception that the poor cannot save. However, the evolution of microfinance has proven that this is a misconception. Microfinance loans are often made based on the saving capacity of the borrower (Stemper, 1996). Savings are used as a means of establishing the history of the borrower and serves as a important input to evaluating the loan application (Stemper, 1996). Savings can also serve as collateral for borrowers who do not have landed property. This view has been reinforced by Buckley (1997) who views savings as the means of achieving financial independence and self sufficiency for micro enterprises. India created Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) which serve as microfinance institutions in the country. These associations support the need of financial services for the small scale entrepreneurs in India. They are popular because of their simplicity and the freedom that they provide on using funds (Buckley, 1997). Guha and Gupta (2000) provide evidence suggesting microfinance institutions improve the saving habit of the poor by creating income generating activities and improving their loan repayment habits. Critique of The Literature The empirical evidence above suggests that microfinance institutions play an important role in alleviating poverty in developing countries. This is achieved through their impact on entrepreneurship. Microfinance institutions are sustained by promoting savings and investment schemes for the poor. This suggests that microfinance institutions. A key short-coming with the studies above is that most of the studies focus on the relationship between entrepreneurship and microfinance, with little emphasis on sustainability. Sustainability of entrepreneurship and microfinance are important if they have to be used as a means of alleviating poverty in the long run.   Despite the importance of sustainability, the existing literature has not exploited it in great detail. Togo has witnessed significant developments in its microfinance industry. Microfinance was initiated in Togo by the Association for Community-Based Self-Promotion (ACOMB), which operates in two very low-income districts that have experienced excessively high levels of HIV/AIDS with very little government or foreign support (Parker, 2000). The goal of the association was to provide health education, information, and referrals to clients as an important complement to financial services (Parker, 2000). In addition, the Faà ®tià ¨re des Unità ©s Coopà ©ratives dEpargne et de Crà ©dit (FUCEC) is a Togolese-based Microfinance institution which comprises of credit unions aimed at offering credit with eduction as one of its financial products (Dunford, 2002). FUCEC provides underprivileged people (especially poorer women) to join a credit union. The Microfinance institution provides members with the opportunity to save and obtain credit to finance local projects. This means that most me mbers of FUCEC and net borrowers (Dunford, 2002). Despite these developments, the role of microfinance in alleviating poverty in Togo has not been exploited. Likewise, the relationship among microfinance, entrepreneurship and sustainability are yet to be exploited in Togo. It is against this backdrop that this study aims at investing the relationship among microfinance, entrepreneurship and sustainability in Togo. This will help in the formulation of policies regarding microfinance, entrepreneurship and sustainability in future. This paper will look at two hypotheses as follows: Microfinance programs have a positive impact on entrepreneurship in Togo; Entrepreneurship has a positive impact on the sustainability of Microfinance in Togo. Conclusions Based on the literature above, it can be concluded that there is a significant link between entrepreneurship and microfinance. Despite the apparent importance between sustainability and microfinance, very limited research has been conducted to explore this relationship. In addition, most studies on microfinance in less developed countries have focused on other countries thus ignoring Togo altogether.   This study extends the paper by incorporating sustainability into the relationship between entrepreneurship and microfinance using Togo as a case study. References Adams, D.W. Pischke, J.D. V. (1992). â€Å"Microenterprise credit programmes: Dà ©j vu†,  World Development, 20(10), pp. 1463-1470. ADB (2000).  Finance for the Poor: Microfinance Development Strategy.  Manila: Asian Development Bank. Alagappan, V. Nagammai, R.M. (2003). â€Å"Entrepreneurs response to Financial assistance from Institutions†,  SEDME, 30(4). Anand,V. (1994).  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Performance of Microenterprises  in  Botswana: A case study of selected urban and semi urban locations†,  Indian  Journal  of  Economics, 75(296). Buckley, G. 1997. â€Å"Microfinance in  Africa: Is it Either the Problem or the Solution?†Ã‚  World Development  25:1081-93. Chavan, P. Ramakumar, R. (2002). â€Å"Micro-Credit and Rural Poverty: An Analysis of Empirical Evidence†Ã‚  Economic and Political weekly, March 9, 2002. Christen, R.P. (1997). Issues in the regulation and supervision of microfinance in a transforming economy. Paper presented at the 10th  conference of financial Institutions in  Tanzania, Arusha, 7-9. Dunford, C. (2002), Microfinance as a vehicle for educating the poor, Development Bulletin, vol. 57 Eversole, R. (2000). â€Å"Beyond Microcredit- The Trickle Up Program†,  Small  Enterprise  Development, 11(1). Guha, S. Gupta, G. (2005). â€Å"Microcredit for income generation: The role of ROSCA†,  Economic and political weekly, April 2, 2005. Harper, M. (1998). Microenterprise or growth? Which do we want, and which bring development? Paper presented at the conference on the growth of small and medium enterprises in Africa, theKenya  institute of management,  Nairobi, 23-28 March 1998 Hashemi, S., S.R. Schuler, and A.P. Riley. 1996. â€Å"Rural Credit Programs and Women’s Empowerment in  Bangladesh.†Ã‚  World Development  24:635-653. International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2004. Sustainable Financial markets facility.  www.ifc.org Kuzilwa, J.A. (2005). â€Å"The role of credit for small business Success: A study of the national entrepreneurship development fund in  Tanzania†,  Journal of entrepreneurship, Vol. 14 , No.2. Nair,  T.S.,(1998),â€Å"Meeting  the  credit  needs  of  the  micro  enterprise  sector issues   in  focus†Ã‚  Ã‚  Indian  Journal  Of  Labour  Economics,  Ã‚  41(3). Rangarajan, C. (2005). â€Å"Microfinance and its future directions† High level Policy Conference on microfinance in India- May 3, 2005- New Delhi, Keynote Address by Dr. C. Rangarajan Chairman Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister. Roy, M.A. Wheeler, D. (2006).â€Å"A survey of microenterprise in urban  West Africa: Drivers shaping the sector†Ã‚  Development in Practice, 16(5). Schuler, S.R., S. Hashemi, and A.P. Riley. 1997. â€Å"The Influence of Women’s Changing Roles and Status in  Bangladesh’s Fertility Transition: Evidence from a Study of Credit Programs and Contraceptive Use.†Ã‚  World Development  25: 563-575. Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom,  Oxford:  Oxford  University  Press. Shaw, J. (2004). â€Å"Microenterprise occupation and poverty reduction in microfinance programs: Evidence from  Sri Lanka†.  World Development, 32(7), pp.1247–1264. Olu, O. (2009) Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurial Development: The Case of Nigeria, The International Conference on Administration and Business. Marguerite, R. S., (2002), â€Å"The Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance for the Poor†. Sinha, F. (2005). â€Å"Access, Use and Contribution of Microfinance in  India: Findings from a National Study†,  Economic and Political Weekly, April 23, 2005. Stemper, G.A. (1996). â€Å"Commercial banks and Microentrepreneurs in  Latin America†,  Small Enterprise Development, 7(3). Vincent, G. 2004. â€Å"Sustainable Microentrepreneurship:  The Roles of Microfinance, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability in Reducing Poverty in Developing Countries†, www.gdrc.org/icm/micro/guy_sustmicro.pdf Parker, J. (2000) The role of microfinance in the fight against HIV/AIDS, A report to The Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Planning Softwares in todays Project Management Research Proposal

Planning Softwares in todays Project Management - Research Proposal Example According to PMBOK, skills, knowledge and techniques applied to meet the scope, cost and time requirement of a project is called Project Management (PMI, 2004). The company has no formal project management processes set in place; however, they have heard about project management software tools that can help manage projects and reduce the failures. According to a survey by the Gartner Group, PM software tool vendors who also provide consulting services and support have annual revenue of $800-$900 million and this market is expected to grow by up to 20% each year (Liberatore et al, 2003). Another survey by Pollack-Johnson et al (1998) shows that almost all project management professionals use some kind of project management software to assist in their project management activities. Raymond et al (2007) and Brodar et al (2007) have conducted research indicating that there has been significant contribution of PMIS in successful completion of their projects. The rise of SaaS (software-as-a-service) project management tools such as aceproject.com also indicates the high demand for such tools in the market. However, desktop applications such as Microsoft Project and Primavera still dominate the project management market in particular industries (Liberatore et al, 2003). Although research su... The management agrees strongly with recommendation of Ahlemann et al (2006) - "the software for planning and controlling projects should be user-friendly and, by all means, should fit to an organization and its method of doing project management". Hence they are skeptical of investing money in expensive software unless they can find out that it can really help reduce project failure. On a broad level, this research study will be conducted to help the management make this decision. Aims The aim of the research project is to understand whether project management software tools can help implement project management in an organization while reducing project failures and automating manual activities and processes defined by project management standards. Objectives The objectives of the research are given below; To understand the need for project management and associated software tools in the case company To understand how project management software tools can be used to automate the existing or recommended project management processes for the company. To understand whether the case company is ready for the implementation of project management software tools To understand the issues that may come up during the implementation project and how to overcome them To understand the factors responsible for successful implementation of project management software tools Research Design (including method) or critical approach Project management is a broad topic and many standards and associations are available on the subject. To limit the research, therefore, the researcher will only study the de facto standard of project management, PMI PMBOK and PMBOK's related literature to understand the activities and processes defined under the nine

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong Case Study

Fast, global,and entrepreneurial; supply chain management , hong kong style and interview with victor fung - Case Study Example As Fung said, the best way is to breakdown the supply chain into small parts and then looks for a custom solution for each part. Another genius way of innovative supply chain management is having a custom value chain for each customer. Present production chains are tailored to suit a large market niche. However, as competition increases, market niches become narrower by the day. This raises the need to specifically tailor the entire supply chain to suit a particular niche. For example, in the computer market, a different supply chain management strategy would be needed for a tablet and a laptop. Another creative way of shortening supply chains and buying cycles is by embracing dynamism in supply chain management. Factors such as labor, cost of raw materials, and technology are changing every day. Therefore, it is important to consider adjusting the supply chain depending on the changes on these factors. For instance, many manufacturers have been moving production to China because of cheap labor. However, within the same country, labor is cheaper in Mainland China and hence manufacturers are also moving mainland in response to

Unit 1 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Unit 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example igh the strengths and weaknesses of the basic forms and choose the one -- or the combination -- that is most congruent with the strategy (Daniels, 2004). As the twenty-first century rapidly approaches, numerous questions are being raised in an attempt to guide health care policy toward greater social harmony, to alleviate social dilemmas created by competing sets of values, and to confront the realities of current health care economics. Instability, volatility, and incredible change are forcing a reexamination of societal values along with changing consumer expectations of health care (Kozier 2004). I agree with the statement that management is both science and art because it demands creative application of traditional theories and concepts. In healthcare, those values of individualism, competition, cost containment, efficiency, and technology that are currently driving health care policy and health care systems are also influencing nursings ability to provide quality care. A look to the past demonstrates the evolution of the changing scene in nursing practice. As health care increasingly runs along business lines, competition occurs through mergers, acquisitions, and the expansion into new markets (Mckenna, 1997). What becomes clear is that quality of care is not the major focus of the competitiveness. Reduced revenues have even led to a reduction in the registered nurse workforce as unlicensed assistive personnel are hired to reduce labor costs and act as nurse extenders. It is clear that new and creative approaches to health care and nursing care are needed (Daniels, 2004). Regulations in healthcare demand flexibility and creativity, new vision of old theories and practices. On the other hand, they stipulate strict limits and rules important for healthcare professionals. Now is a time of transition for health care institutions and health care in general (Kozier 2004). The issue of allocation of scarce health-related resources has become almost paramount,

Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse as a Result of Drought? Essay

Ever since the collapse of the once powerful Maya civilization, people have been trying to find out what caused it. Authors of the article, "“Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization”", which include Gerald Haug, Detlef GÃ ¼nther, Larry Peterson, Daniel Sigman, Konrad Hughen, and Beat Aeschlimann propose a theory that the Mayans collapsed because of an extended dry period between 760 and 910 A.D. These scientists set out find the answer as to why the Maya civilization collapsed. This question is fairly popular and is often times answered by an extended drought, but they wanted to find geologic evidence of what the climate was like in the same time period hoping that there is an obvious link between the two. This question may be simple and straightforward, but this was different than using records that paleoclimatologists have been using which record data for the past millennia. These authors were trying to record climate for a short time period which until recently has been assumed to be unchanging for the last 6000 years. The authors used sediment sequences from two holes drilled in the Cariaco Basin. These sediments were rapidly deposited and were estimated at 30cm per thousand years. They used bulk titanium (Ti) content as a recorder to get an index of the regional hydrologic conditions. High Ti content indicates wet conditions while lower Ti indicates dryer conditions. The authors' results showed Ti content were the lowest between 500 and 200 yr B.P. They also found higher Ti content between 1070 and 850 yr B.P. In addition, the authors found Ti levels were of intermediate value before the sharp rise at approximately 1070 yr B.P.(930 A.D.). The authors also used a radiocarbon age control... ...nce Archaeology can not fully explain the decline of the Maya civilization, the data recorded from the sediment cores by the authors of this article can be used for the hypothesis that drought ultimately led to the demise of the civilization. Not only does the data collected show the evidence of multiple droughts during an already dry period called the Terminal Classic Collapse period, but this data can also be aligned with archaeological data of this time period. The authors can use this archaeological data to support their hypothesis that peak regional drought during an extended period of reduced precipitation ed to the the end of the Maya civilization. Work Cited Larry C. Peterson and Gerald H. Haug "Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization" http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/envp/louchouarn/courses/Clim-Wat/Wat/Drought-MayanCollapse(AmerSci05).pdf

Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay

The Occupy Wall Street Movement began on Sept. 17, 2011, when a diffuse group of activists began a loosely organized protest called Occupy Wall Street, camping out in Zuccotti Park, a privately owned park in New York’s financial district. The protest was to stand against corporate and government greed, social inequality and the corrosive power of major banks and multinational corporations over the democratic process. The idea was to camp out for weeks or even months to replicate the kind, if not the scale, of protests that had erupted earlier in 2011 in Tunisia and Egypt. There were many that protested for this trying to make a change. Many people fought for their rights asking for help for certain situations such as foreclosing in homes and also asking for better jobs to support their families which I feel was the hugest part regarding this Movement. The Movement was very important for these people to stand up for their rights and announce the help that they needed and they feel that other people deserved when stuck in situations. There was a main slogan for these protesters. We are 99 percent was a huge part of this. It refers to income differential, a main issue for OWS. It derives from a We are 99 percent flyer calling for Occupy Wall Street’s second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation â€Å"We are the 99%† originated from a page of the same name. Vietnam War era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing social friction. The slogan was boosted by statistics which were from the Congressional Budget report released in October 2011. I feel that Occupy Wall Street Movement did have great point. I think what they were hoping to do was great for people. Others did not understand that they were trying to distribute more of a even income for all people with better jobs. They were even trying to create more of a number of jobs for all people. A big part of this was to relieve much debt from people that had this. I think the effort for this had great morals and should have been remember and supported. This is a issues that I believe still comes from time and time and there still hasn’t been much done about these issues presented. Many people do not understand how hard today’s world is. There would be so much relief is there was a program that could help people out so much. I think people are fighting for their rights for so many things. People are looking for other’s to listen to their opinions. These people in the Movement wanted to make a change not just for themselves, but for the world and future. They were trying to make the public understand what they are not agreeing with and get them to understand that there are many other factors that need to be considered. Utilitarianism I feel plays a huge part in this. This represents good over bad for almost all situations. I feel that people in this Movement could feel that they would involve themselves with this. One of the big points with Utilitarianism is that one must understand happiness before they can get happiness. I feel that for what the people in this movement were fighting for was their happiness and they have already understood unhappiness. People can understand Utilitarianism that believes in this protest. Many people have gone through these six stages that were fighting for their rights. These people were looking for happiness and to maximize it as long as possible. It was very important for these people to get out of their tough situations and fight for a better life for everyone. People were not disregarding their problems; they were simply acknowledging them and trying to move on. It was just asking for help. Kant’s ethics I feel is the opposite of this movement. Kant felt that acting out in feelings and self interest meant you had no moral worth. He felt people that made mistakes just shall be punished. Many people are fighting to not feel this way. They were fighting for the right to get better no matter their situation. Just because a mistake is made does not mean you did not have any morals or any self worth. People everyday have made mistake that should not be held against them for their whole lives. Many people have made decisions which may have been wrong. We all should have the right to move on and go forward. There is not morally wrong about sticking up for what you believe in and fighting for it. Kant was very by the book and believed that everything should go a certain way. I don’t think he considered to fight for rights for humans and that some things that come along aren’t always morally correct. Another thing that was fought in this Movement was income equality. Income inequality is increasing nationwide and new data from the Census Bureau shows which states have it worst. Maine, West Virginia and California all count among states where the wealth gap is expanding fastest. The gap between the richest and poorest residents of twenty states increased last year, while remaining about the same for the remaining 30, according to newly released data from the U.S. Census Bureau. No states saw significant decreases in their levels of income inequality. There is a huge different in the income equality. Many people don’t make barely anything to others. This has gotten worse over the years. It has even gotten worse then the 1700’s. There is way too far of a difference between the minimum wages and taxes that are taken from people. It would only be fair to up the minimum wage to make things more fair to people that do not have as good as others. This is something that people in the Movement were fighting for also. I feel that people in this movement would have been satisfied by just being acknowledged for the change they were trying to make. It is important for people trying to make a change in many important ways to at least feel like they are getting somewhere. I think a great outcome would be for people to consider what they are saying and work on fixing the problems. I think that many things that are being fought for are morally correct. If we all take a chance and realize the things we need to work on like provding help for people that need it, that would be great. For example, now in 2012 we have Obama care that helps many people that are in need of insurance that cannot afford it. Romney now is trying to get rid of this saying the government is paying too much to help low income people. This is the same thing. Many low income people are in need of this help and this should not be taken away from them. I think that a great ending would be for all people to be financially good. But everyone must work to get this help. I think we should all be financially stable no matter what income we make. Money is most of today’s problem especially with this economy today, if we could somehow get past this moment and look outside of this I think we could make it as a country by helping each other out. I believe this movement stood for great things. I think it will continue more movements in the future. Many people feel strongly about this subject. Some people use government help and abuse, but there are many people out there that need the help. I feel there should be a limited time to get assistance until you get on your feet. I believe there will be many people who want to fight over an argument about that. I hope there will be more positive movements such as this one in the future so people can stand up for what they believe in and what they hope for. People are looking for better jobs to make more money for their family. I feel that all people should fight to get to the best. That issue will never fade away. Some people had said about the movement that people were only asking for money which was not true. The goal of this movement was to get help for different things. These people in my opinion were not trying to over grow capitalism or start a riot. People were hoping for help when foreclosing on their homes which was a big issue. These are things that are happening to people who lose their jobs or getting a pay cut at work. These people were hoping for programs to get back on their feet. There are so many programs out there to help people; some money from the government should be able to go towards helping out people in these situations. I feel that this movement was very important and that people will continue to ask for this help until they are heard or a change is made. References: http://occupywallst.org/ http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/o/occupy_wall_street/index.html http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/16/us/ny-occupy-anniversary/index.html

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